Perhaps the reason no one has been able to find Satoshi is that he is not a real person and never existed.

It is possible that Satoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym conceived in Santa Barbara, California, in 2008, intended to protect the Bitcoin software developers from the legal backlash that others had faced after testing the boundaries of the monetary system, such as the creators of eGold.

I am simply a man who lived in Santa Barbara at that time, who had a measure of experience in database software, and who was working on certain ideas that may have found their way into the mix.

THE CYPHERPUNKS

Without the Cypherpunks, Bitcoin would have had little early support, and their backing was a key ingredient in its success.

I believe that, apart from Mr. Nakamoto, Hal Finney was perhaps the principal author of the Bitcoin software and contributed much of its programming.

For my part, as a humble software contributor, I was developing a new operating system design called ideaOS. ideaOS is designed to give application developers a universal platform on which to build applications without having to rewrite their code for each operating system.

Hal Finney and I shared a passion for improving the efficiency of the monetary system. We had both worked at neighboring software companies in downtown Santa Barbara; my company, Williamson Software, was located at 104 W. Anapamu Street.

We would see one another from time to time and discuss current events, attitudes, and the matters of importance to our world. Hal was always ahead of his time, able to make sense of complex dynamics and to develop fresh insights. We were also both private pilots and runners.

What Hal lacked was a practical solution to the double-spend problem. I applied my expertise in database systems to provide the solution that he had spent years trying to find.

The project on which I was working at the time consisted of a hash-verified file system called IFS, which included a component called the iBlock, part of the ideaOS project. This decentralized file system, which I invented in 2007, provided a means of sharing a file system across numerous devices, with every file carrying a hash value that served as a fingerprint of that file. This design is very similar to that of the blockchain.

“Why not give a copy of the database to everyone? By giving the ledger of everyone to everyone and using a linked hashing system, you could eliminate your reliance upon a proprietary hardware card and introduce true scalability,” I suggested to Hal one day.

The iBlock, combined with Hal’s work on RPoW, an early cryptocurrency experiment, became the principal ingredients of Bitcoin. The creator did not require much assistance from me, apart from a better solution to the double-spend problem.

I do not take my gifts lightly, and I prefer to use them only for the betterment of our world. May God help and guide us as we venture into uncharted waters on our shared worldwide endeavor. I pray for the people. We must now be more responsible as stewards of our world and of its critical infrastructure systems. That means that everyone must consider these matters and accept some degree of responsibility for them. Technology can be a double-edged sword, and the welfare of the people must always come first.

INTRODUCING BLOCKCHAIN 2.0

The new DNA system, based on the new eCoin technology, entered beta production in October of last year. DNA stands for Decentralized Network Assets. The final genesis of the DNA database system begins on 3 January 2026, seventeen years after Bitcoin.

DNA is a growing network with several computers distributed across the globe. I define DNA as a complete “cryptocommunity assets solution” that offers an alternative to Bitcoin’s electricity-intensive proof-of-work (POW) consensus algorithm and to its database size problem.

The new blockchain technology in DNA safeguards the power of the peer, an important tenet of decentralized assets. Blockchain 2.0 eliminates transaction pools and processes transactions individually and instantaneously. This is made possible by the new microblock technology. Blockchain 2 uses a new consensus algorithm called PAC, which stands for Probable Agreement Consensus. DNA works equally well on almost any device and is extremely light on resources such as CPU and network bandwidth.

PAC replaces the POW used in blockchain version 1. PAC places its trust in the probability that cheaters will not have the numbers required to overwhelm the system. It is designed to keep the peers in control. The new blockchain design divides the database into eZones, similar to the stripes and mirrors used in RAID systems. In summary, Blockchain 2 resolves the two major scalability issues that persist in Bitcoin: the electricity-intensive consensus model and the monolithic database size. Security is enhanced through peer signing of transactions, which are encrypted to both sender and receiver using ed25519, with conversion to curve25519 for crypto box functions. This conversion allows for greater key versatility and more compact storage of public keys.

Record size is also reduced by using entity ID numbering derived from the record offset in the table. No identification number is stored with the entity, since its offset in the table serves as its ID number. The public portion of the key verification data is obfuscated, as was done in Bitcoin. This is further strengthened by encrypting a secondary derived public key using the first asymmetric key set. In this patent-pending concept, the approach reduces the likelihood that private keys could be determined by brute-force analysis of public data. Base58 symbols are replaced with a more user-friendly symbol set called DNA40.

DNA also brings forth a goal stated in “A Cypherpunk’s Manifesto” that has yet to be realized: an anonymous transaction system. This is made possible in DNA by detachable assets technology, a new type of asset system that detaches transactions from the public chain and places them solely in the hands of the transaction’s initiator. Detachable assets are now operational exclusively on DNA*.

Account numbers are assigned randomly from a domain of roughly 34 billion. These numbered accounts have no transaction history on the public chain, giving DNA users unprecedented levels of privacy.

Privacy is further enhanced by anonymous accounts. Anonymous accounts exist only in the Frontier zone of the DNA architecture and feature a public key posting area that allows the account holder to process transactions securely. The Frontier zones, called eSectors, are set apart from the regular peer accounts and also feature, exclusively, the DNA tokens known as eTokens. DNA eTokens may be created by almost anyone and then bought and sold freely on the network. When a new eToken is registered, it is assigned its own unique symbol name, which becomes the property of the eToken holder.

Transaction fees on DNA are competitively priced at a mere fraction of a U.S. dollar. The central coin of DNA, called eCoin, uses a double dollar sign as its symbol and is expected soon to become a gold-backed currency. Transactions are processed in seconds, not minutes.

By joining DNA and becoming a full peer, you may earn rewards in the rewards eToken called BTCM (Bitcoin Max). Rewards are paid when you are selected to witness a transaction during the PAC process. Peers also enjoy worldwide recognition through an irrevocable peer number called an ePassport. It is hoped that the ePassport will provide every human being on the planet with free citizenship and the guaranteed benefit of equal recognition throughout the world, a right that should never be infringed, revoked, or canceled by any state government.

These are only a few highlights of the new cryptographic, decentralized public database system employed on DNA. You may learn more about this new community assets database and its decentralized asset innovations by reading the FAQ:
English: DNA FAQ
Español: Preguntas Frecuentes de DNA

I wish to thank Hal Finney and the many other contributors to the building of decentralized asset systems. I pray that we will work together in a sensible and appropriate manner to improve the efficiency of our monetary system and other important social recording systems.

In closing, on the question of “Who was the real Satoshi Nakamoto?”, I would simply say that many people besides Satoshi Nakamoto himself deserve credit for Bitcoin, especially Hal Finney and the Cypherpunks. I would like to hope that I made some small contribution. Who controls the keys to the wealth Satoshi accumulated during the early years of Bitcoin mining? I like to hold on to the hope that we will someday find the man, and that he will tell us then.

Thank you for reading!

ATTACHMENTS

July 2007 PoC White Paper RE: iBlock File System (This PoC version was a first revision and only a rough draft, but it appears to be the only one I am able to locate at present.)

Because the authorship of the original source code and basic concepts of Bitcoin is a rather controversial subject at present, I thought it wise to offer some evidence in support of the above assertions. I am therefore posting a letter that I recently shared with an associate working with me at SolarSnap in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Please be forewarned that this is indeed a controversial subject.

Letter to Attorney in Mexico 2025

* Detachable assets, PAC, and other features mentioned are patent-pending technologies.